BIOGRAPHY

Associate Professor of Education
Stanford University

ABSTRACT

Guided Discovery Games with Teachable Agents
Individual Presentation, Friday (9:00 - 10:30) in Hall of Ideas F

We present an educational video game that brings our work on Teachable Agents (TAs) into a 3-D game environment (the Torque engine). TAs are programs that students teach to answer questions and solve problems. We did not put TAs into a 3D-game to increase motivation (TAs alone are quite motivating.) Instead, the game world increases the ways we can provide learning resources, including domain simulations, metacognitive support, self-assessments, and guided discovery.

TAs capitalize on the adage that one learns best by teaching. Students teach the TA content knowledge and assess its knowledge by asking questions. Based on the answers, students can revise their agent's knowledge (and their own). With the TA Betty, students teach by creating her concept map. Betty answers questions using artificial intelligence techniques and animates her reasoning in the concept map. Multiple studies have shown the pedagogical value of Betty. In the current work, we have embedded Betty in a simulation. One benefit is that Betty can take actions in the virtual world, and students can see if their teaching yields good results.

The game we have been developing helps students learn about plant growth in the context of a pumpkin festival. Students teach Betty how to grow giant pumpkins to earn money for her family. Both the student (represented as an embodied avatar) and Betty (represented as an embodied agent) can take actions in the virtual world. Students are responsible for both their own actions and Betty's performance. Students must make their knowledge explicit by teaching Betty. At the same time, Betty makes her reasoning explicit by animating her concept map. Thus, unlike many simulations, where the "code" that controls an agent or environment is hidden from view, Betty makes her knowledge visible.

The game context permits several forms of learning resources:
(1) Carnival booths where the student and Betty can play games, such as conducting an experiment and guessing the outcome. These short interactions provide domain information, and students get immediate feedback.
(2) Wandering characters who provide metacognitive tips and domain knowledge. When Betty encounters another character, she can merge concept maps with that character. However, characters can have bad concept maps, and students must evaluate the character's concept map to determine if Betty should merge.
(3) A pumpkin growth simulation. Betty can enter a pumpkin contest. The quality of the final pumpkin is determined by the actions she chooses based on her concept map.
(4) A guided discovery game (GDG). Based on Betty's knowledge (the nodes and links in Betty's concept map) the GDG can change features of the world, for example, by opening and closing booths, sending characters to talk to the student, or changing the simulation to highlight important variables (e.g. changing the amount of rain).

In sum, we have created a template for GDG's that use TAs. The learner's goal is not to develop perceptual-motor skills to destroy a foe, but rather, to develop explicit knowledge that can help their agent solve educationally relevant challenges.